Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER
Volume 125, Issue 11, Pages 2643-2651Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24582
Keywords
bladder cancer; fruit; vegetables; EPIC
Categories
Funding
- European Commission
- Research Directorate-General
- Ligue contre le Cancer
- Societe 3M
- Mutuelle Generale de I'Education Nationale
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) (France)
- German Cancer Aid
- German Cancer Research Center
- Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)
- Danish Cancer Society (Denmark)
- Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health
- The participating regional governments and institutions (Spain)
- Cancer Research UK
- Medical Research Council
- Stroke Association
- British Heart Foundation
- Department of Health
- Food Standards Agency
- Wellcome Trust (United Kingdom)
- Greek Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity
- Hellenic Health Foundation
- Stavros Niarchos Foundation (Greece)
- Italian Association for Research on Cancer
- National Research Council (Italy)
- Dutch Ministry of Public Health
- Welfare and Sports
- Dutch Prevention Funds
- LK Research Funds
- Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzock Nederland)
- World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) (The Netherlands)
- Swedish Cancer Society
- Swedish Scientific Council
- Regional Government of Skane (Sweden)
- Norwegian Cancer Society (Norway)
- Medical Research Council [G0401527, G0801056B] Funding Source: researchfish
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Previous epidemiologic studies found inconsistent associations between vegetables and fruit consumption and the risk of bladder cancer. We therefore investigated the association between vegetable and fruit consumption and the risk of bladder cancer among participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Data on food consumption and complete follow-up for cancer occurrence was available for a total of 478,533 participants, who were recruited in 10 European countries. Estimates of rate ratios were obtained by Cox proportional hazard models, stratified by age at recruitment, gender and study centre, and adjusted for total energy intake, smoking status, duration of smoking and lifetime intensity of smoking. A calibration study in a subsample was used to control for dietary measurement errors. After a mean follow-up of 8.7 years, 1015 participants were newly diagnosed with bladder cancer. Increments of 100 g/day in fruit and vegetable consumption combined did not affect bladder cancer risk (i.e., calibrated HR = 0.98; 95%CI: 0.95-1.01). Borderline statistically significant lower bladder cancer risks were found among fever smokers with increased consumption of fruit and vegetables combined (HR = 0.94 95%CI: 0.87-1.00 with increments of 100 g/day; calibrate HR = 0.92 95%CI 0.79-1.06) and increased consumption of apples and pears (hard fruit; calibrated HR = 0.90 95%CI: 0.82-0.98 with increments of 25 g/day). For none of the associations a statistically significant interaction with smoking status was found. Our findings do not support an effect of fruit and vegetable consumption, combined or separately, on bladder cancer risk. (c) 2009 UICC
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