Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY & CELL BIOLOGY
Volume 41, Issue 10, Pages 2051-2061Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.03.003
Keywords
Glutaminolysis; Glutaminase; Glutamine carrier; Oxidative stress; Mitochondrial morphology
Categories
Funding
- Spanish Ministry of Education and Science [SAF2007-61953]
- Andalusian government (Junta de Andalucia) [CVI-1543]
- RTA RETICS network from the Spanish Health Institute Carlos III [RD06/1012]
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Glutamine is a multifaceted amino acid that plays key roles in many metabolic pathways and also fulfils essential signaling functions. Although classified as non-essential, recent evidence suggests that glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid in several physiological situations. Glutamine homeostasis must therefore be exquisitely regulated and mitochondria represent a major site of glutamine metabolism in numerous cell types. Glutaminolysis is mostly a mitochondrial process with repercussions in organelle structure and dynamics suggesting a tight and mutual control between mitochondrial form and cell bioenergetics. In this review we describe an updated account focused on the critical involvement of glutamine in oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and tumour cell proliferation, with special emphasis in the initial steps of mitochondrial glutamine pathways: transport into the organelle and hydrolytic deamidation through glutaminase enzymes. Some controversial issues about glutamine catabolism within mitochondria are also reviewed. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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