Journal
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
Volume 10, Issue 8, Pages 959-966Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.05.009
Keywords
Black rice; Cyanidin-3-O-beta-D-glycoside; Cyanidin; Protocatechuic acid; Anti-inflammation; Metabolism
Categories
Funding
- Seoul Research and Business Development Program
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The anti-inflammatory effects of cyanidin-3-O-beta-D-glycoside (C3G), a major constituent of black rice (BR), and its metabolites, cyanidin and protocatechuic acid (PA), were assessed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells and carrageenan-induced inflammation in air pouches in BALB/c mice. BR, C3G and its metabolites suppressed the production of the proinflammatory cytokines, INF-alpha and IL-1 beta and the inflammatory mediators, NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)), as well as the gene expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in RAW 264.7 cells. These agents also inhibited the phosphorylation of I kappa B-alpha, the nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B, and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Furthermore, these agents significantly inhibited the leukocyte number and the levels of INF-alpha, PGE(2). and protein in the exudates of the air pouch in carrageenan-treated mice, as well as COX-2 expression and NF-kappa B activation. Among the test agents, PA most potently inhibited these inflammatory mediators in vivo and in vitro. Based on these findings, if BR is orally administered, its main constituent, C3G, may be metabolized to cyanidin and/or PA, which express potent anti-inflammatory effects by regulating NF-kappa B and MAPK activation. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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