Journal
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 24, Issue 12, Pages 739-749Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs099
Keywords
anti-viral; interferon; pathogen-recognition receptors; RNA viruses; RNA helicases
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Funding
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT)
- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan
- Uehara Memorial Foundation
- Takeda Science Foundation
- Naito Foundation
- Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim
- MEXT
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Mammalian cells possess multiple sensors for recognition of invasion by a broad range of microbes. This recognition occurs through specific molecular signatures found across various pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are the major cellular pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs) responsible for this recognition. TLRs are transmembrane sensors, whereas other PRRs mainly localize in the cytoplasm for the activation of type I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Among these PRRs, RLRs are well known for their indispensable role in sensing the invasion of RNA viruses. This review summarizes recent advances in knowledge about viral recognition by RLRs and their signalling pathways, and introduces newly emerging RNA helicases involved in innate immune responses.
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