Journal
INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY
Volume 50, Issue 4, Pages 528-535Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC
DOI: 10.1093/icb/icq022
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Funding
- NSF [IOS-0940753]
- Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, including the divisions of Developmental and Cell Biology, Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Invertebrate Zoology, Ecology and Evolution
- American Microscopical Society
- Society for Developmental Biology
- MRC [U117574559]
- MRC [MC_U117574559, G0600229] Funding Source: UKRI
- Medical Research Council [MC_U117574559, G0600229] Funding Source: researchfish
- Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems
- Direct For Biological Sciences [0940753] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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The most extensive regenerative ability in adult vertebrates is found in the salamanders. Although it is often suggested that regeneration is an ancestral property for vertebrates, our studies on the cell-surface three-finger-protein Prod 1 provide clear evidence for the importance of local evolution of limb regeneration in salamanders. Prod 1 is implicated in both patterning and growth in the regeneration of limbs. It interacts with well-conserved proteins such as the epidermal growth-factor receptor and the anterior gradient protein that are widely expressed in phylogeny. A detailed analysis of the structure and sequence of Prod 1 in relation to other vertebrate three-finger proteins in mammals and zebra fish supports the view that it is a salamander-specific protein. This is the first example of a taxon-specific protein that is clearly implicated in the mechanisms of regeneration. We propose the hypothesis that regeneration depends on the activity of taxon-specific components in orchestrating a cellular machinery that is extensively conserved between regenerating and non-regenerating taxa. This hypothesis has significant implications for our outlook on regeneration in vertebrates, as well as for the strategies employed in extending regenerative ability in mammals.
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