Contrasting Reactivity and Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity of Isoelectronic Organometallic Iridium(III) Complexes

Replacing the N,N-chelating ligand 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) in the Ir-III pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp*) complex [(eta(5)-C5Me5)Ir(bpy)Cl](+) (1) with the C,N-chelating ligand 2-phenylpyridine (phpy) to give [(eta(5)-C5Me5)Ir(phpy)Cl] (2) switches on cytotoxicity toward A2780 human ovarian cancer cells (IC50 values of >100 mu M for 1 and 10.8 mu M for 2). Ir-Cl hydrolysis is rapid for both complexes (hydrolysis equilibrium reached in <5 min at 278 K). Complex 2 forms adducts with both 9-ethylguanine (9-EtG) and 9-methyladenine (9-MeA), but preferentially with 9-EtG when in competition (ca. 85% of total Ir after 24 h). The X-ray crystal structure of [(eta(5)-C5Me5)Ir(phpy)(9-EtG-N7)NO3 center dot 1.5CH(2)Cl(2) confirms N7 binding to guanine. Two-dimensional NMR spectra show that complex 2 binds to adenine mainly through N1, consistent with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. DFT calculations indicate an interaction between the nitrogen of the NH2 group (9-MeA) and carbons from phpy in the adenine adduct of complex 2. Calculations show that the most stable geometry of the adduct [(eta(5)-C5Me5)Ir(phpy)(9-EtG-N7)](+) (3b) has the C6O of 9-EtG orientated toward the pyridine ring of phpy, and for [(eta(5)-C5Me5)Ir(phpy)(9-MeA-N1)](+) (4(N1)a), the NH2 group of 9-EtA is adjacent to the phenyl ring side of phpy. Complex 2 is more hydrophobic than complex 1, with log P values of 1.57 and -0.95, respectively. The strong nucleobase binding and high hydrophobicity of complex 2 probably contribute to its promising anticancer activity.