Journal
INHALATION TOXICOLOGY
Volume 25, Issue 13, Pages 747-757Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.846443
Keywords
Aspiration; in vitro exposure; particulate matter; reactive oxygen species
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Funding
- EPA [RD-83374201]
- Health Effects Institute
- NIEHS T32 grant [ES007324]
- Facility Cores of NYU School of Medicine's NIEHS Center of Excellence [P30 ES000260]
- Exposure Assessment Facility Core of Columbia's NIEHS Center [P30 ES009089]
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Particulate matter (PM) varies in chemical composition and mass concentration based on a number of factors including location, season, source and particle size. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of coarse and fine PM simultaneously collected at three rural and two urban sites within the metropolitan New York City (NYC) region during two seasons, and to assess how particle size and elemental composition affect toxicity. Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial (HPMEC-ST1.6R) and bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cell lines were exposed to PM (50 mg/mL) and analyzed for reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mice (FVB/N) were exposed by oropharyngeal aspiration to 50 mg PM, and lavage fluid was analyzed for total protein and PMN influx. The ROS response was greater in the HPMEC-ST1.6R cell line compared to BEAS-2B cells, but the responses were significantly correlated (p<0.01). The ROS response was affected by location, locale and the location: size interaction in both cell lines, and an additional association for size was observed from HPMEC-ST1.6R cells. Urban fine PM generated the highest ROS response. In the mouse model, inflammation was associated with particle size and by a season: size interaction, with coarse PM producing greater PMN inflammation. This study showed that the aerodynamic size, locale (i.e. urban versus rural), and site of PM samples affected the ROS response in pulmonary endothelial and epithelial cells and the inflammatory response in mice. Importantly, these responses were dependent upon the chemical composition of the PM samples.
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