Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves as valuable source of lipophilic antioxidants: The effect of harvest time, sex, drying and extraction methods

The profile of lipophilic antioxidants was studied in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves (SBL), harvested in summer (June) and autumn (October) from plants of both sexes (female and male), processed by three drying methods (freeze, microwave and conventional drying), and extracted using two procedures (1-saponification combined with n-hexane:ethyl acetate, 9:1, v/v extraction; 2-ultrasound treatment with ethanol:water, 8:2, v/v). In SBL five lipophilic compounds - three homologues of tocopherol (T) alpha, beta and gamma, plastochromanol-8 (PC-8) and beta-carotene - were identified and quantified by NP-HPLC/FLD/DAD. The content range of the alpha-T, beta-T, gamma-T, PC-8 beta-carotene in fresh SBL was as follows: 29.46-86.63, 0.58-1.15, 0.90-1.06, 2.74-12.56 and 20.34-27.35 mg/100 g dry weight basis. Both plant sex and harvesting season had a significant effect on the composition and concentration of lipophilic compounds. The best preservation of bio-compounds was provided by freeze and microwave drying (no significant difference, p < 0.05). The ethanol extracts of SBL obtained by ultrasound treatment contained approximately 50% tocopherols and PC-8 and 30% beta-carotene compared with n-hexane:ethyl acetate extracts produced after saponification. The fraction of lipophilic antioxidants isolated from 80% ethanol SBL extracts constituted about 3-8% of total extract antioxidant activity. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.