Journal
IN VIVO
Volume 32, Issue 5, Pages 977-981Publisher
INT INST ANTICANCER RESEARCH
DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11338
Keywords
Atherosclerosis; cardiovascular disease; matrix metalloproteinases; vitamin D; vitamin D receptor; review
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Cardiovascular disease is the prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, affecting many millions of individuals every year. Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory condition that involves different cell types, several cytokines and adhesion molecules, is the underlying cause of cardiovascular disease. Vitamin D is known to control skeletal patho/physiology, regulating calcium and phosphorus and bone remodeling along with other calciumregulating hormones. However, several active metabolites of vitamin D can exert both direct action, mainly via vitamin D-3 receptor trans-activation and indirect actions on several other tissues by an endocrine, autocrine and paracrine manners. With regard to cardiovascular disease, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with activation of the pro-inflammatory mechanism, promoting atherogenesis. There are several large-scale clinical studies, as well as meta-analyses that support this finding. However, it is still unclear whether the plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D level can be used as a biomarker for future cardiovascular disease. Herein we review the studies reporting a causative role for vitamin D in cardiovascular disease.
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