Journal
IMMUNOTHERAPY
Volume 2, Issue 3, Pages 367-379Publisher
FUTURE MEDICINE LTD
DOI: 10.2217/IMT.10.21
Keywords
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 blockade; immune surveillance; immunoediting; immunogram; immunotherapy; ipilimumab; melanoma; tremelimumab
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The immune system can simultaneously protect against tumor growth and sculpt resistant tumor strains. By a variety of mechanisms, anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 therapy may shift such opposing forces towards tumor elimination. In recent clinical trials, anti-CTLA-4 therapy induces durable responses that correlate with markers of immune activity, such as antigen-specific CD4(+) or CD8(+) cytokine release, antitumor antibody formation or cellular phenotype differentiation. However, some patients exhibit atypical responses to anti-CTLA-4 therapy, demonstrating transient/delayed responses or heterogeneity by lesion site. Such atypical responses may offer insight into the mechanism of anti-CTLA-4 therapy. The immunogram a newly described graphical synthesis of treatment data and immune correlates in individual patients may help us to confirm, reject or formulate new hypotheses regarding the mechanism of anti-CTLA-4 activity.
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