Journal
IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY AND IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY
Volume 33, Issue 3, Pages 525-532Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2010.547500
Keywords
Vanillic acid; inflammation; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; interleukin-6; nuclear factor-kappa B; caspase-1
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Funding
- Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) [R13-2008-028-01000-0]
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Vanillic acid is a benzoic acid derivative that is used as a flavoring agent. It is an oxidized form of vanillin. At present, the mechanisms by which vanillic acid exerts its anti-inflammatory effects are incompletely understood. In this study, we attempted to determine the effects of vanillic acid on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Our findings indicate that vanillic acid inhibits LPS-induced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6. During the inflammatory process, the levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and nitric oxide (NO) increased in mouse peritoneal macrophages, but vanillic acid suppressed both the enhanced levels of COX-2 and the production of prostaglandin E 2 and NO. Moreover, vanillic acid suppressed the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and caspase-1. These results provide novel insights into the pharmacological actions of vanillic acid and are indicative of the potential use of this molecule in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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