Journal
IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 134, Issue 4, Pages 378-385Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03499.x
Keywords
allergens; interleukin-25; interleukin-33; innate lymphoid cells; nuocytes; T helper type 2 cells; thymic stromal lymphopoietin; type 2 responses
Categories
Funding
- American Asthma Foundation
- Centocor
- Medical Research Council [MC_U105178805] Funding Source: researchfish
- MRC [MC_U105178805] Funding Source: UKRI
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Type 2 immune responses, characterized by the differentiation of CD4(+) T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and the production of the type 2 cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, are associated with parasitic helminth infections and inflammatory conditions such as asthma and allergies. Until recently the initiating factors associated with type 2 responses had been poorly understood. This review addresses the recent advances in identifying the diverse range of antigens/allergens associated with type 2 responses and the function, expression and sources of type-2-initiating cytokines (thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-25 and IL-33). We also discuss the latest findings regarding innate lymphoid cells, such as nuocytes, as early sources of type 2 cytokines and their importance in protective immunity to helminth infections. These developments represent major breakthroughs in our understanding of type 2 immunity, and highlight the increased complexity existing between the innate and adaptive arms of these responses. These additional steps in the type 2 immune pathway also offer potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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