Journal
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS
Volume 260, Issue 1, Pages 35-49Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/imr.12186
Keywords
mucosa; inflammatory bowel disease; cytokines; T cells; bacterial; inflammation
Categories
Funding
- American Heart Association
- Cancer Research Institute
- National Institutes of Health [R01AI095466, R01AI102942, DP5OD012116]
- NIAID Mucosal Immunology Studies Team (MIST) Scholar Award in Mucosal Immunity from the NIDDK Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases [P30DK50306]
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics Transdisciplinary Program in Translational Medicine and Therapeutics from the US National Center for Research Resources [UL1-RR024134]
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The mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract is colonized by trillions of beneficial commensal bacteria that are essential for promoting normal intestinal physiology. While the majority of commensal bacteria are found in the intestinal lumen, many species have also adapted to colonize different anatomical locations in the intestine, including the surface of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the interior of gut-associated lymphoid tissues. These distinct tissue localization patterns permit unique interactions with the mammalian immune system and collectively influence intestinal immune cell homeostasis. Conversely, dysregulated localization of commensal bacteria can lead to inappropriate activation of the immune system and is associated with numerous chronic infectious, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases. Therefore, regulatory mechanisms that control proper anatomical containment of commensal bacteria are essential to maintain tissue homeostasis and limit pathology. In this review, we propose that commensal bacteria associated with the mammalian GI tract can be anatomically defined as (i) luminal, (ii) epithelial-associated, or (iii) lymphoid tissue-resident, and we discuss the role and regulation of these microbial populations in health and disease.
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