Journal
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS
Volume 255, Issue 1, Pages 149-164Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/imr.12088
Keywords
cell differentiation; T-helper cells; cytotoxic T cells; infectious diseases; cytokines; memory
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Funding
- NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI076534, P01 AI046530] Funding Source: Medline
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Over the last decade, the known spectrum of CD4(+) T-cell effector subsets has become much broader, and it has become clear that there are multiple dimensions by which subsets with a particular cytokine commitment can be further defined, including their stage of differentiation, their location, and, most importantly, their ability to carry out discrete functions. Here, we focus on our studies that highlight the synergy among discrete subsets, especially those defined by helper and cytotoxic function, in mediating viral protection, and on distinctions between CD4(+) T-cell effectors located in spleen, draining lymph node, and in tissue sites of infection. What emerges is a surprising multiplicity of CD4(+) T-cell functions that indicate a large arsenal of mechanisms by which CD4(+) T cells act to combat viruses.
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