Journal
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS
Volume 254, Issue -, Pages 34-53Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/imr.12078
Keywords
HIV; SIV; oral transmission; inflammation; SIV natural hosts; mucosal immunity
Categories
Funding
- [R01 DE017541]
- [CFAR03]
- [K08 HD069201]
- [CFAR AI027757]
- [F30 ES022535]
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The global spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is dependent on the ability of this virus to efficiently cross from one host to the next by traversing a mucosal membrane. Unraveling how mucosal exposure of HIV results in systemic infection is critical for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on understanding the immune events associated with the oral route of transmission (via breastfeeding or sexual oral intercourse), which occurs across the oral and/or gastrointestinal mucosa. Studies in both humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) monkey models have identified viral changes and immune events associated with oral HIV/SIV exposure. This review covers our current knowledge of HIV oral transmission in both infants and adults, the use of SIV models in understanding early immune events, oral immune factors that modulate HIV/SIV susceptibility (including mucosal inflammation), and interventions that may impact oral HIV transmission rates. Understanding the factors that influence oral HIV transmission will provide the foundation for developing immune therapeutic and vaccine strategies that can protect both infants and adults from oral HIV transmission.
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