RIG-I-like receptors: cytoplasmic sensors for non-self RNA

Viral infection results in the generation of non-self RNA species in the cells, which is recognized by retinoic acid inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs), and initiates innate antiviral responses, including the production of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferon. In this review, we summarize reports on virus-specificity of RLRs, structures of non-self RNA patterns, structural biology of RLRs, and the signaling adapter molecules involved in antiviral innate immunity.