Journal
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS
Volume 227, Issue -, Pages 75-86Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00737.x
Keywords
type I interferon; Toll-like receptor; RIG-I-like receptor; signaling
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Funding
- Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in Japan
- Global Center of Excellence Program of Japan
- NIH [P01 AI070167]
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES [P01AI070167] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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The innate immune system is essential for the initial detection of invading viruses and subsequent activation of adaptive immunity. Three classes of receptors, designated retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), sense viral components, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), single-stranded RNA, and DNA. RLRs and TLRs play essential roles in the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines in cell type-specific manners. While the RLRs play essential roles in the recognition of RNA viruses in various cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells utilize TLRs for detecting virus invasion. NLRs play a role in the production of mature interleukin-1 beta to dsRNA stimulation. Activation of innate immune cells is critical for mounting adaptive immune responses. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of viral RNA recognition by these different types of receptors and its relation to acquired immune responses.
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