Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL
Volume 66, Issue 3, Pages 517-526Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2018.2872067
Keywords
Cancer; clinical imaging; localization; maximum intensity over time (MIOT); measurement times; microbubbles (MBs); motion; saturation model; super-resolution; tumors; vasculature
Categories
Funding
- DFG [SCHM1171/4-1, KI1072/11-1]
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Recently, we proved in the first measurements of breast carcinomas the feasibility of super-resolution ultrasound (US) imaging by motion-model ultrasound localization microscopy in a clinical setup. Nevertheless, pronounced in-plane and out-of-plane motions, a nonoptimized microbubble injection scheme, the lower frame rate and the larger slice thickness made the processing more complex than in preclinical investigations. Here, we compare the results of state-of-the-art contrast-enhanced to super-resolution US imaging and systematically analyze the measurements to get indications for the improvement of image acquisition and processing in the future clinical studies. In this regard, the application of a saturation model to the reconstructed vessels is shown to be a valuable tool not only to estimate the measurement times necessary to adequately reconstruct the microvasculature but also for the validation of the measurements. The parameters from this model can also serve to optimize contrast agent concentration and injection protocols. Finally, for the measurements of well-perfused tumors, we observed between 28% and 50% filling for 90-s examination times.
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