Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN AND CYBERNETICS PART C-APPLICATIONS AND REVIEWS
Volume 40, Issue 3, Pages 278-286Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TSMCC.2009.2037512
Keywords
Affine covariant region (ACR); dominant gradient; image normalization; image watermarking; orientation alignment
Categories
Funding
- National Science Foundation of China [60771068, 60702061, 60832005]
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition in China
- National Laboratory of Automatic Target Recognition, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changjiang Scholars and innovative Research Team in University of China [IRT0645]
- Nanyang Technological University Nanyang SUG [M58020010]
- Microsoft Operations PTE LTD-NTU [M48020065]
- K. C. Wong Education Foundation Award
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Feature-based image watermarking schemes, which aim to survive various geometric distortions, have attracted great attention in recent years. Existing schemes have shown robustness against rotation, scaling, and translation, but few are resistant to cropping, nonisotropic scaling, random bending attacks (RBAs), and affine transformations. Seo and Yoo present a geometrically invariant image watermarking based on affine covariant regions (ACRs) that provide a certain degree of robustness. To further enhance the robustness, we propose a new image watermarking scheme on the basis of Seo's work, which is insensitive to geometric distortions as well as common image processing operations. Our scheme is mainly composed of three components: 1) feature selection procedure based on graph theoretical clustering algorithm is applied to obtain a set of stable and nonoverlapped ACRs; 2) for each chosen ACR, local normalization, and orientation alignment are performed to generate a geometrically invariant region, which can obviously improve the robustness of the proposed watermarking scheme; and 3) in order to prevent the degradation in image quality caused by the normalization and inverse normalization, indirect inverse normalization is adopted to achieve a good compromise between the imperceptibility and robustness. Experiments are carried out on an image set of 100 images collected from Internet, and the preliminary results demonstrate that the developed method improves the performance over some representative image watermarking approaches in terms of robustness.
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