Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING
Volume 57, Issue 5, Pages 2000-2016Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TSP.2009.2014812
Keywords
Absorbing Markov chain; anchor; barycentric coordinates; Cayley-Menger determinant; distributed iterative sensor localization; sensor networks; stochastic approximation
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Funding
- DARPA DSO [DAAD 19-02-1-0180]
- NSF [ECS-0225449, CNS-0428404]
- ONR [MURI-N000140710747]
- IBM
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The paper introduces DILOC, a distributed, iterative algorithm to locate M sensors (with unknown locations) in R-m, m >= 1, with respect to a minimal number of m + 1 anchors with known locations. The sensors and anchors, nodes in the network, exchange data with their neighbors only; no centralized data processing or communication occurs, nor is there a centralized fusion center to compute the sensors' locations. DILOC uses the barycentric coordinates of a node with respect to its neighbors; these coordinates are computed using the Cayley-Menger determinants, i.e., the determinants of matrices of internode distances. We show convergence of DILOC by associating with it an absorbing Markov chain whose absorbing states are the states of the anchors. We introduce a stochastic approximation version extending DILOC to random environments, i.e., when the communications among nodes is noisy, the communication links among neighbors may fail at random times, and the internodes distances are subject to errors. We show a.s. convergence of the modified DILOC and characterize the error between the true values of the sensors' locations and their final estimates given by DILOC. Numerical studies illustrate DILOC under a variety of deterministic and random operating conditions.
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