The Energy Management and Optimized Operation of Electric Vehicles Based on Microgrid

The regional energy management and optimized operating strategies of electric vehicles (EVs) and battery swapping station (BSS) are proposed in this paper based on smart microgrid according to the effects of the utility grid caused by uncoordinated charging of EVs and BSS. A price-incentive model is utilized to generate the management strategy to coordinate the charging of EVs and BSS to minimize the total cost of EVs and maximize the profit of BSS in grid-connected mode. In islanded mode, based on the power balance between renewable electric sources and loads, the fuzzy control method is applied to produce the service price of EV according to its state of charge. Combined with the interruptible-load scheduling, the energy management and dispatch of EVs and BSS are optimized to minimize the operational cost and maximize the benefit of islanded microgrid. The main optimization problems are formulated as a cost minimizing problem and a profit maximizing one, which are implemented in A Modeling Language for Mathematical Programming. The effectiveness of the proposed strategies for the optimized operation of EVs and BSS is validated by case studies. The approach given in this paper also provides ideas about the optimal operation of a future smart grid with the booming of EVs.