Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING
Volume 20, Issue 8, Pages 2189-2199Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TIP.2011.2118216
Keywords
Affine transformation; geometric attacks; image watermarking; Legendre moment invariants
Funding
- National Basic Research Program of China [2011CB707904]
- NSFC [61073138, 60975004, 60911130370]
- Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China [SBK200910055, BK2010426]
- Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration (Southeast University), Ministry of Education
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Geometric distortions are generally simple and effective attacks for many watermarking methods. They can make detection and extraction of the embedded watermark difficult or even impossible by destroying the synchronization between the watermark reader and the embedded watermark. In this paper, we propose a new watermarking approach which allows watermark detection and extraction under affine transformation attacks. The novelty of our approach stands on a set of affine invariants we derived from Legendre moments. Watermark embedding and detection are directly performed on this set of invariants. We also show how these moments can be exploited for estimating the geometric distortion parameters in order to permit watermark extraction. Experimental results show that the proposed watermarking scheme is robust to a wide range of attacks: geometric distortion, filtering, compression, and additive noise.
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