Journal
IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS
Volume 49, Issue 1, Pages 301-314Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2013.2284351
Keywords
Biomedical sensors; CMOS; digital silicon photomultiplier (SiPM); image sensors; mini-SiPM; positron emission tomography (PET); single-photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD); spatial and temporal compression
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Funding
- European Community within the Seventh Framework Programme ICT Photonics
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An 8 x 16 pixel array based on CMOS small-area silicon photomultipliers (mini-SiPMs) detectors for PET applications is reported. Each pixel is 570 x 610 mu m (2)in size and contains four digital mini-SiPMs, for a total of 720 SPADs, resulting in a full chip fill-factor of 35.7%. For each gamma detection, the pixel provides the total detected energy and a timestamp, obtained through two 7-b counters and two 12-b 64-ps TDCs. An adder tree overlaid on top of the pixel array sums the sensor total counts at up to 100 Msamples/s, which are then used for detecting the asynchronous gamma events on-chip, while also being output in real-time. Characterization of gamma detection performance with an 3 x 3 x 5 mm(3) LYSO scintillator at 20 degrees C is reported, showing a 511-keV gamma energy resolution of 10.9% and a coincidence timing resolution of 399 ps.
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