Journal
IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS
Volume 44, Issue 10, Pages 2733-2744Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2009.2028752
Keywords
CMOS power amplifier; mm-wave; power amplifiers; transformers
Categories
Funding
- National Science Foundation Infrastructure [0403427]
- ST Microelectronics [C2S2]
- an Intel Fellowship Grant
- Belgian American Educational Foundation (BAEF)
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This work discusses the design methodologies for efficient power generation at mm-wave frequencies in CMOS. Passive elements play an important role in PA design, as they determine both the output power and power gain of the circuit. In this work, we have developed a methodology for design of transformer-coupled power amplifiers. A distributed model of on-chip transformers has been developed that can predict the performance up to very high frequencies, is length scalable and uses only a few parameters, compared to a complete lumped model. Using the model, a two-stage transformer-coupled PA has been designed in 90 nm CMOS. The prototype has one of the highest output powers reported for a 60 GHz CMOS PA. A three-stage improved design with higher gain and efficiency is reported, stressing the importance of driver stage design at these frequencies. The PA has been integrated into a complete transmitter and tested with 10 Gb/s QPSK modulated data.
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