Journal
IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING
Volume 38, Issue 4, Pages 614-631Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/JOE.2013.2278913
Keywords
Acoustic communication; channel sounding; propagation; scattering; signal fluctuations; wideband systems
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Systematic measurements were performed to characterize shallow-water acoustic propagation channels for applications in the field of underwater communications. The survey was conducted in northern Europe and covers the continental shelf, Norwegian fjords, a sheltered bay, a channel, and the Baltic Sea. The measurements were performed in various frequency bands between 2 and 32 kHz. The outcome of the study is a variety of channels that differ in many ways, defying any attempt to define a typical acoustic communication channel. Miscellaneous forward propagation effects are presented, which are relevant to channel models for the design of modulation schemes, network protocols, and simulation environments.
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