Journal
IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS AND TUTORIALS
Volume 16, Issue 4, Pages 2065-2091Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2014.2322951
Keywords
Energy-efficient modulation; peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR); constant-envelope modulation; energy-efficient power amplification; energy-efficient link adaptation; cell breathing; cell zooming; hierarchical cells; heterogeneous networks; sleeping mode
Funding
- National Science Foundation [1307551]
- Directorate For Engineering [1307551] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Conventional cellular wireless networks were designed with the purpose of providing high throughput for the user and high capacity for the service provider, without any provisions of energy efficiency. As a result, these networks have an enormous Carbon footprint. In this paper, we describe the sources of the inefficiencies in such networks. First, we present results of the studies on how much Carbon footprint such networks generate. We also discuss how much more mobile traffic is expected to increase so that this Carbon footprint will even increase tremendously more. We then discuss specific sources of inefficiency and potential sources of improvement at the physical layer, as well as at higher layers of the communication protocol hierarchy. In particular, considering that most of the energy inefficiency in cellular wireless networks is at the base stations, we discuss multi-tier networks and point to the potential of exploiting mobility patterns in order to use base station energy judiciously. We then investigate potential methods to reduce this inefficiency and quantify their individual contributions. By a consideration of the combination of all potential gains, we conclude that an improvement in energy consumption in cellular wireless networks by two orders of magnitude, or even more, is possible.
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