Variability in Atlantic water temperature and transport at the entrance to the Arctic Ocean, 1997-2010

The variability in Atlantic water temperature and volume transport in the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC), based on measurements by an array of moorings in Fram Strait (78850' N) over the period 1997- 2010, is addressed. The long- term mean net volume transport in the current of 6.6 +/- 0.4 Sv (directed northwards) delivered 3.0 +/- 0.2 Sv of Atlantic water (AW) warmer than 28C. The mean temperature of the AW inflow was 3.1 +/- 0.18C. On interannual time- scales, a nearly constant volume flux in the WSC core (long- term mean 1.8 +/- 0.1 Sv northwards, including 1.3 +/- 0.1 Sv of AW warmer than 28C, and showing no seasonal variability) was accompanied by a highly variable transport of 2- 6 Sv in the offshore branch (long- term mean of 5 +/- 0.4 Sv, strong seasonal variability, and 1- 2 Sv of warm AW). Two warm anomalies were found in the AW passing through Fram Strait in 1999- 2000 and 2005- 2007. For the period 1997- 2010, there was a positive linear trend in the AW mean temperature of 0.068C year 21, but no statistically significant trend was observed in the AW volume transport. A possible impact of warming on AW propagation in the Arctic Ocean and properties of the outflow to the North Atlantic are also discussed.