Nephroprotective role of dipyridamole in diabetic nephropathy: Effect on inflammation and apoptosis

Aims: Inflammation plays significant roles in developing diabetic nephropathy (DN). Adenosine, natural purine nucleoside, acts as potent endogenous anti-inflammatory agent. Extracellular adenosine usually disappears quicldy due to rapid uptake into adjacent cells. In this regard; we investigated putative reno-protective effects of dipyridamole, nucleoside transport inhibitor, by exploring its anti-inflammatory mechanisms in-vivo and in-vitro. Main methods: Daily 6 mg/kg/day dipyridamole was given to six-weeks streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats over two-week period in presence/absence of 10 mg/kg/day CGS15943, potent non selective adenosine receptors antagonist. Histological changes were assessed in kidney sections. Gene and protein expression of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-10, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 was measured. Activation of apoptotic pathway was demonstrated by measuring the activity of caspase-3/8/9 and activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases UNK)-mitogen-activated-protein kinase (MAPK). In addition, all markers were measured in human mesangial cells cultured in high glucose. Key findings: Diabetes induced marked changes in the glomerular and tubular structure including focal glomerulosclerosis with marked shrinkage of some glomerular tufts. Diabetes resulted in enhanced production of IL-1 beta, IL-18, TNF-alpha and ICAM-1 associated with reduced IL-10 protein level, leading to activation of caspases-3/8/9 and pJNK/JNK in-vivo and in-vitro. Dipyridamole treatment restored diabetes-induced reduction in adenosine levels and resulted in mild glomerular effects and vacuolation of tubular epithelium. Dipyridamole reduced the adhesion molecule, ICAM-1, and restored the normal balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in-vivo and in-vitro. Significance: Dipyridamole prevented the progression of DN by elevating endogenous levels of protecting adenosine, leading to reduction in inflammation and intrinsic apoptosis. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.