Journal
HYPERTENSION
Volume 54, Issue 4, Pages 868-U371Publisher
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.135152
Keywords
xanthine oxidoreductase; lipid; uric acid; xanthine; renal interstitial fibrosis; epithelial mesenchymal transition; oxidative stress
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Funding
- Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture of Japan [19590954]
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [19590954] Funding Source: KAKEN
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Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is an enzyme responsible for purine degradation, reactive oxygen species production, and adipogenesis. XOR gene-disrupted (XOR-/-) mice demonstrate renal failure and early death within several months. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of renal damage in XOR-/- mice and to determine the physiological role of XOR in the kidney. Histological analysis revealed that renal tubular damage in XOR-/- mice was accompanied by deposition of crystals and lipid-rich substances. Triglyceride content in renal homogenates was significantly increased in XOR-/- mice. The level of lipogenesis-related gene expression was comparable in XOR+/+ and XOR-/- mice, whereas the expression of adipogenesis-related gene expression was significantly elevated in XOR-/- mice. Urinary excretions of xanthine and hypoxanthine were markedly elevated in XOR-/- mice. Immunohistochemical analysis, Western blotting, and real time RT-PCR revealed that various markers of fibrosis, inflammation, ischemia, and oxidative stress were increased in XOR-/- mice. Finally, we demonstrate that primary renal epithelial cells from XOR-/- mice are more readily transformed to myofibroblasts, which is a marker of increased epithelial mesenchymal transition. These results suggest that XOR gene disruption induced the depletion of uric acid and the accumulation of triglyceride-rich substances, xanthine, and hypoxanthine in the renal tubules. We believe that these changes contribute to a complex cellular milieu characterized by inflammation, tissue hypoxia, and reactive oxygen species production, ultimately resulting in renal failure through increased renal interstitial fibrosis. (Hypertension. 2009; 54: 868-876.)
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