Transit time evaluation using a chloride concentration input step shift after forest cutting in a Japanese headwater catchment

Mean transit times were estimated for a small headwater catchment ill Japan (the Fukuroyamasawa Experimental Watershed) using the step shift in input chloride (Cl-) concentrations that occurred immediately after all episode of forest clear-cutting. Measured Cl- concentrations in stream water began to decrease immediately after clear-cutting. and this trend continued for 6 years. Before clear-cutting, the input Cl- concentrations were controlled by wet and dry deposition processes, and most of the dry Cl- deposition was collected by the forest canopy and reached the ground as throughfall and stemflow. After clear-cutting, dry deposition was no longer collected by the canopy in this way, thus causing a sharp decrease in input Cl concentrations. By comparing measured Cl- concentrations in stream water with estimates based on the input and evaporative Cl- concentrations, it was shown that the decrease in stream water Cl- concentrations Was caused mainly by this step shift in the Cl- input. It was proposed that the change in Cl- concentrations after forest cutting could be used to represent the replacement of 'old' water that existed before cutting by 'new' water that was supplied after cutting. The breakthrough curve for the new water fraction gave an approximately exponential distribution of transit times in flow-corrected time. The mean flow-corrected transit little was estimated as 1068 days (runoff: 3497 mill). It was therefore concluded that the step change in input Cl- concentrations immediately following forest clear-cutting could be successfully used to estimate transit tinges for the entire catchment. Copyright (c) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.