Hyporheic and total transient storage in small, sand-bed streams

Key processes in stream ecosystems are linked to hydraulic retention, which is the departure of stream flow from ideal 'plug flow', and reflects fluid movement through surface and hyporheic storage zones. Most existing information about hyporheic exchange is based on flume studies or field measurements in relatively steep streams with beds coarser than sand. Stream tracer studies may be used to quantify overall hydraulic retention, but disaggregation of surface and hyporheic retention remains difficult. A stream tracer approach was used to compute the rates at which stream water is exchanged with water in storage zones (total storage) in short reaches of two small, sand-bed streams under free and obstructed flow conditions. Tracer curves were fit to the one-dimensional transport with inflow storage model OTIS-P. Networks of piezometers were used to measure specific discharge between the stream and the groundwater. In the sand-bed streams studied, parameters describing total retention were in the upper 50% of data compiled from the literature, most of which represented streams with beds coarser than sand. However, hyporheic storage was an insignificant component of total hydraulic retention, representing only 0.01-0-49% of total exchange, and this fraction did not increase after installation of flow obstructions. Total retention did not vary systematically with bed material size, but increased 50-100% following flow obstruction. Removal of roughness elements, such as large wood and debris dams, is detrimental to processes dependent upon transient storage in small, sand-bed streams. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.