Journal
HUMAN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL
Volume 29, Issue 6, Pages 599-603Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/hup.2436
Keywords
norepinephrine; orexin; neuropeptide S; adenosine; genetics; fMRI
Funding
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Wurzburg [N-262]
- EU Marie Curie International Staff Exchange Scheme grant for the European South African Research Network in Anxiety Disorders [PIRSES-GA-2010-269213]
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [SFB-TRR-58]
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Although a great deal of information about the neurobiology of panic disorder is now available, there is a need for an updated etiological model integrating recent findings on the neurobiology of the arousal system and its relationship with higher cortical functions in panic disorder. The current mini-review presents psychophysiological, molecular biological/genetic and functional neuroimaging evidence for dysfunction in major arousal systems of the brain. Such dysfunction may influence the development of panic disorder by precipitating autonomic bodily symptoms and at the same time increasing vigilance to these sensations by modulating cortical attentional networks. A multilevel model of arousal, attention and anxietyincluding the norepinephrine, orexin, neuropeptide S and caffeine-related adenosine systemsmay be useful in integrating a range of data available on the pathogenesis of panic disorder. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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