Journal
HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS
Volume 21, Issue 22, Pages 4996-5009Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds335
Keywords
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Funding
- National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIEHS
- NHGRI of the National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services [Z01-AG000949-02, Z01-ES101986]
- US Department of Defense [W81XWH-09-2-0128]
- National Institutes of Health [NS057105, RR024992]
- American Parkinson Disease Association (APDA)
- Barnes Jewish Hospital Foundation
- Greater St Louis Chapter of the APDA
- Hersenstichting Nederland
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam
- Prinses Beatrix Fonds
- section of medical genomics
- Forschungszentrum fur Umwelt und Gesundheit
- German Federal Ministry of Education, Science, Research, and Technology
- State of Bavaria
- German National Genome Network (NGFNplus) [01GS08134]
- German Ministry for Education and Research
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research [NGFN 01GR0468, PopGen]
- ERA-NET NEURON [01EW0908]
- Helmholtz Alliance Mental Health in an Ageing Society [HA-215]
- Helmholtz Association
- French National Agency of Research [ANR-08-MNP-012]
- Michael J. Fox Foundation
- Landspitali University Hospital
- Icelandic Research Council
- European Community [PIAP-GA-2008-230596]
- Wellcome Trust [083948/Z/07/Z]
- Medical Research Council
- Wellcome Trust disease centre [WT089698/Z/09/Z]
- Parkinson's UK [8047, J-0804]
- Medical Research Council [G0700943]
- Department of Health's National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centres
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Joint Call in Neurodegeneration award [WT089698]
- France Parkinson Association
- MRC [G0701075, G0700943, G0901254, G1100479, MC_PC_09003, MC_G1000735, G1100643, G0802462, MC_G0901330] Funding Source: UKRI
- Alzheimers Research UK [ART-PG2010-1, ART-PPG2011A-14] Funding Source: researchfish
- Medical Research Council [G0801418B, G1100643, MC_G1000735, G0802462, MC_G0901330, MC_PC_09003, G1100479, G0701075, G0901254, G0700943] Funding Source: researchfish
- National Institute for Health Research [NF-SI-0507-10376] Funding Source: researchfish
- Parkinson's UK [J-0804, G-1107, G-0909, J-0901] Funding Source: researchfish
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Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been successful at identifying single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) highly associated with common traits; however, a great deal of the heritable variation associated with common traits remains unaccounted for within the genome. Genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA) is a statistical method that applies a linear mixed model to estimate phenotypic variance of complex traits explained by genome-wide SNPs, including those not associated with the trait in a GWAS. We applied GCTA to 8 cohorts containing 7096 case and 19 455 control individuals of European ancestry in order to examine the missing heritability present in Parkinsons disease (PD). We meta-analyzed our initial results to produce robust heritability estimates for PD types across cohorts. Our results identify 27 (95 CI 1738, P 8.08E 08) phenotypic variance associated with all types of PD, 15 (95 CI 0.2 to 33, P 0.09) phenotypic variance associated with early-onset PD and 31 (95 CI 1744, P 1.34E 05) phenotypic variance associated with late-onset PD. This is a substantial increase from the genetic variance identified by top GWAS hits alone (between 3 and 5) and indicates there are substantially more risk loci to be identified. Our results suggest that although GWASs are a useful tool in identifying the most common variants associated with complex disease, a great deal of common variants of small effect remain to be discovered.
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