Detecting and monitoring human leukocyte antigen-specific antibodies

Renewed awareness of the relevance of HLA-specific antibodies to transplantation and the development of protocols to reduce or eliminate sensitization have made monitoring of antibodies and accurate interpretation of test results increasingly important. Here we review the various tests available and provide guidelines for the development of monitoring protocols. (c) 2008 American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.