Journal
HOLZFORSCHUNG
Volume 66, Issue 2, Pages 141-147Publisher
WALTER DE GRUYTER GMBH
DOI: 10.1515/HF.2011.133
Keywords
carbon fibre; differential scanning calorimetry; experimental design; kraft lignin; lignin fibre; stabilisation; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
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Funding
- LigniCarb
- Innventia cluster Biorefinery II and Vinnova (Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems)
- Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation
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With the aim of investigating kraft lignin as a raw material for carbon fibre production, different lignins have been stabilised in air at conditions varied according to a full factorial experimental design. The lignins under examination were purified kraft lignin powders originating from birch, spruce/pine and Eucalyptus globules, as well as lignin fibres originating from birch with 5% poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) added as a plasticiser. The influence of temperature, time and heating rate on yield and glass-transition temperature (T-g) was investigated. The highest yield was achieved after stabilisation at 280 degrees C during 2 h with a heating rate of 0.2 degrees C min(-1). The T, of all lignin powders was increased when stabilisation occurred under harsher conditions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis (XPS) of both the outer surface and the cleaved cross-section of individual lignin/PEO fibres showed a clear gradient in the degree of chemical modification, with the major change occurring on the surface resulting in the appearance of a skin-core structure after stabilisation. The behaviour of the lignin fibres during stabilisation is similar to that of pitch-based fibres, indicating good possibilities for lignin as raw material for carbon fibre production.
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