The potential impacts of changes in ecological networks, land use and climate on the Eurasian crane population in Estonia

The Eurasian crane (Grus grus) is an iconic and sensitive species. It is therefore necessary to understand its landscape ecology in order to determine threats. (1) To map the distribution of cranes and then model their habitat requirements in Estonia, linked to the current level of protection. (2) To determine the environmental characteristics of, and the habitats present in, sites utilized by the birds, and their sensitivity to change. (1) The distribution of cranes was recorded by observation and by tracking individuals. A model of potential breeding sites was compared with the occurrence of the bird in Estonia and then linked to protected sites. (2) The seasonal distribution of the bird was overlaid with a European environmental classification and the CORINE land cover map. A model of climate change was also utilized. (1) A new map of European migration routes, wintering and stopover sites is presented. (2) The bird requires a habitat network, with wetlands being essential for nesting and roosting. The composition of habitats used for feeding varies according to geographical location. (3) In Estonia not all potential breeding sites are occupied and many existing sites are not protected. (4) Climate change could threaten populations in the south but could be beneficial in Estonia. (1) The existing ecological network in Estonia is adequate to maintain a viable breeding population of the Eurasian crane. (2) Climate change could support the breeding of cranes but complicate their migration and wintering.