Journal
LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY
Volume 31, Issue 1, Pages 101-117Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10980-015-0297-y
Keywords
Urban homogenization; Residential lawn; Microclimate; Urban heat island (UHI); Humidity; Urban protected area
Funding
- Macrosystems Biology Program at NSF [EF-1065548, 1065737, 1065740, 1065741, 1065772, 1065785, 1065831, 1241960, 121238320]
- Earth Systems Modeling program at NSF [EF-1049251]
- NSF Long-term Ecological Research Program in Baltimore (BES LTER) [DEB-0423476]
- NSF Long-term Ecological Research Program in Phoenix (CAP LTER) [BCS-1026865]
- NSF Long-term Ecological Research Program in Plum Island (PIE LTER Boston) [OCE-1058747, 1238212]
- NSF Long-term Ecological Research Program in Cedar Creek (CDR LTER, Minneapolis-St Paul) [DEB-1234162]
- NSF Long-term Ecological Research Program in Florida Coastal Everglades (FCE LTER, Miami) [DBI-0620409]
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1065785, 1026865, 1027188, 1234162, 1561011, 1237517] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Direct For Social, Behav & Economic Scie [0951366] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Divn Of Social and Economic Sciences [1462086] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Emerging Frontiers [1238320, 1559611, 1065737] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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The urban heat island (UHI) is a well-documented pattern of warming in cities relative to rural areas. Most UHI research utilizes remote sensing methods at large scales, or climate sensors in single cities surrounded by standardized land cover. Relatively few studies have explored continental-scale climatic patterns within common urban microenvironments such as residential landscapes that may affect human comfort. We tested the urban homogenization hypothesis which states that structure and function in cities exhibit ecological sameness across diverse regions relative to the native ecosystems they replaced. We deployed portable micrometeorological sensors to compare air temperature and humidity in residential yards and native landscapes across six U.S. cities that span a range of climates (Phoenix, AZ; Los Angeles, CA; Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN; Boston, MA; Baltimore, MD; and Miami, FL). Microclimate in residential ecosystems was more similar among cities than among native ecosystems, particularly during the calm morning hours. Maximum regional actual evapotranspiration (AET) was related to the morning residential microclimate effect. Residential yards in cities with maximum AET < 50-65 cm/year (Phoenix and Los Angeles) were generally cooler and more humid than nearby native shrublands during summer mornings, while yards in cities above this threshold were generally warmer (Baltimore and Miami) and drier (Miami) than native forests. On average, temperature and absolute humidity were similar to 6 % less variable among residential ecosystems than among native ecosystems from diverse regions. These data suggest that common residential land cover and structural characteristics lead to microclimatic convergence across diverse regions at the continental scale.
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