Effect of free surface heat transfer on thermocapillary flow in double-layer fluid structures

In this paper, we examine the effect of heat transfer at the free encapsulant-air surface on thermocapillary flow in a rectangular melt-encapsulant double-layer fluid structure. We show that increased heat transfer to the double-layer system through the free surface weakens thermocapillary convection in the encapsulant phase and enhances the convection in the melt phase.