Growth, uptake, and assimilation of ammonium, nitrate, and urea, by three strains of Karenia brevis grown under low light

Observations of near-bottom populations of Karenia brevis suggest that these cells may derive nutrients from the sediment-water interface. Cells undergoing a metabolic-mediated migration may be in close proximity to enhanced concentrations of nutrients associated with the sediment during at least a fraction of their diel cycle. In this study, the growth, uptake and assimilation rates of ammonium, nitrate, and urea by K. brevis were examined on a diel basis to better understand the potential role of these nutrients in the near-bottom ecology of this species. Three strains of K. brevis, C6, C3, and CCIVIP 2229, were grown under 12:12 light dark cycle under 30 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) delivered to the surface plain of batch cultures. Nitrogen uptake was evaluated using (15)N tracer techniques and trichloroacetic acid extraction was used to evaluate the quantity of nitrogen (N) assimilated into cell protein. Growth rates ranged from a low of 0.12 divisions day(-1) for C6 and C3 grown on nitrate to a high of 0.18 divisions day(-1) for C3 grown on urea. Diurnal maximum uptake rates, rho(max), varied from 0.41 pmol-N cell(-1) h(-1) for CCMP 2229 grown on nitrate, to 1.29 pmol-N cell(-1) h(-1) for CCMP 2229 grown on urea. Average nocturnal uptake rates were 29% of diurnal rates for nitrate, 103% of diurnal uptake rates for ammonium and 56% of diurnal uptake rates for urea. Uptake kinetic parameters varied between substrates, between strains and between day and night measurements. Highest maximum uptake rates were found for urea for strains CCMP2229 and C3 and for ammonium for strain C6. Rates of asmilation into protein also varied day and night, but overall were highest for urea. The comparison of maximal uptake rates as well as assimilation efficiencies indicate that ammonium and urea are utilized (taken up and assimilated) more than twice was fast as nitrate on a diel basis. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.